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Hkonmaing I of Onbaung–Hsipaw
:''This article is about the ruler of Onbaung–Hsipaw. For the king of Ava, see Hkonmaing.
Hkonmaing ((ビルマ語:ခုံမှိုင်း) (:kʰòʊɴ m̥áɪɴ), Shan: ၶုၼ်မိူင်း; also Hkonmaing Gyi,〔 Sao Hkun Mong〔Aung Tun 2009: 104〕) was ''saopha'' of the Shan principality of Onbaung–Hsipaw in what is now Myanmar. He was the only main ally of King Narapati II of Ava in the latter's 25-year struggle against the Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States, Prome and Toungoo. After Ava's fall, he became a member of the Confederation. He died during or shortly after his participation in the Confederation's 1542 campaign against Toungoo Dynasty. His son, also named Hkonmaing, and grandson Narapati III became kings of Ava.
==Background==
What is known about Hkonmaing is solely from the Burmese chronicles. The Chinese annals (''Ming Shilu'') on the Tai-Shan frontier (present-day southern Yunnan, Kachin State and Shan State) stopped at Hsenwi, and make no mention of Hsipaw.〔Fernquest 2005: 1162, 1173–1174〕 The Burmese chronicles mention Hkonmaing as a supporting figure—albeit an important one—in King Narapati II's reign. According to the chronicles, Hkonmaing (also called Hkonmaing Gyi,〔Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 120〕 lit. "Hkonmaing the elder") was the ruler of the Shan state of Onbaung–Hsipaw, certainly by 1505.〔Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 103–104〕 Since his eldest son Hkonmaing the younger was born in 1497, he was likely born c. 1480.
At the time, Onbaung–Hsipaw was a major Shan state, which controlled (or claimed to control) the entire stretch of eastern Shan Hills west of the Salween river: Bhamo,〔Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 105–106〕 Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe),〔 Mong Nai (Mone)〔 and Mong Pai (Mobye).〔Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 123〕〔Onbaung–Hsipaw's claims especially that over Mong Nai/Mone need to be tempered. It was more likely that members of a ruling clan governed these states than an outright patron-client relationship. Mong Nai was a major Shan state in its own right; its ruling clan was related to the ruling dynasty of Lan Na as well as Onbaung–Hsipaw. Per (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 240), the Mong Nai leadership claimed a say in Hsipaw's succession order as much as Hsipaw claimed Mong Nai, and in 1557 they attacked Hsipaw because they disagreed with Bayinnaung's choice of the ''saopha'' of Hsipaw.〕 Moreover, Onbaung–Hsipaw's relationship with Ava in the early 16th century was closer to an alliance than a patron-client arrangement. Chronicles mention Hkonmaing and Narapati II as ''thwethauk'' brothers〔Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 109–110〕—men who have ritually entered into "a sacramental brotherhood" by drinking each other's blood.〔(Harvey 1925: 178): ''thwethauk'' means "a sacramental brotherhood of some round table as it were".〕 Ava had been disintegrating since the 1480s, and its rulers had been fighting losing wars on several fronts against its former vassal states. Narapati II, who came to power in 1501 amidst major rebellions, desperately tried to retain the loyalty of remaining "vassal" rulers like Hkonmaing of Onbaung and Mingyi Nyo of Toungoo.〔Harvey 1925: 105〕
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